Health & Fitness Care Tips: 2011

Types of Prostate Cancer

Sunday, August 7, 2011

Prostate cancer is an abnormal, uncontrolled growth of cells that results in the formation of a tumor in the prostate gland. Prostate, the walnut sized gland, is a part of the reproductive system which lies deep in the pelvis. It is located in front of the rectum and underneath the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra, (the urine tube running from the bladder, through the prostate and the penis). It contains gland cells that produce some of the seminal fluid, which protects and nourishes sperm cells in semen and supports the ejaculatory ducts, or sperm tubes. The prostate continues to grow till a man reaches adulthood and is maintained after it reaches normal size as long as male hormones are produced.

Prostate cancer begins most often in the outer part of the prostate. It is the most common cancer in men older than age 50. In most men, the cancer grows very slowly. In fact, many men with the disease will never know they have the condition. Early prostate cancer is confined to the prostate gland itself, and the majority of patients with this type of cancer can live for years with no problems. In some cases, it may spread from the prostate to nearby lymph nodes, bones or other organs. This spread is called metastasis. Most Prostate cancers originate in the posterior prostate gland, the rest originate near the urethra.

Types of Prostate Cancer

There are many types of prostate cancer and the condition is often present in many different parts of the prostate. The precursor to prostate cancer is known as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, this is also found in many different locations within the prostate.

Although there are many different kinds of prostate cancer the vast majority (around 95%) are of the type known as adenocarcinoma. As this is the most wide spread from it has become synonymous with the term prostrate cancer.

Adenocarcinoma

The most common site of origin of prostate cancer is in the peripheral zone (the main glandular zone of the prostate). The term adenocarcinoma can be split up to derive its meaning. Adeno means ‘pertaining to a gland’, whilst Carcinoma relates to a cancer that develops in epithelial cells. The term epithelial simply relates to cells that surround body organs or glands. aldara and basal cell carcinoma

Small cell carcinoma

This kind of cancer is made up of small round cells, and typically forms at nerve cells. Small cell carcinoma is very aggressive in nature and as it does not lead to an increase in prostate specific antigens it can be somewhat harder to detect than adenocarcinoma; this usually means that it has reached an advanced form upon detection.

Squamous cell carcinoma

This is a non glandular cancer, like small cell carcinoma there is no increase in prostate specific antigens when this is present. Squamous cell carcinoma is very aggressive in nature.

There are other, more rare, forms of prostate cancer these include sarcomas and transitional cell carcinoma; the latter rarely develops in the prostate but derives from primary tumours present in the bladder or urethra.

Tags: Prostate Cancer types, Prostate Cancer prognosis or expectations, Prostate Cancer risk factors, Prostate Cancer complications, Prostate Cancer overview, Prostate Cancer information, Prostate Cancer articles, Prostate Cancer survival rates, Prostate Cancer photos, Prostate Cancer images, Prostate Cancer pictures, Prostate Cancer research centers, organizations and support groups for Prostate Cancer, Prostate Cancer signs and tests, Prostate Cancer prevention, Prostate Cancer genetics, Prostate Cancer facts, Prostate Cancer genetic, Prostate Cancer growth rate, Prostate Cancer best hospitals

Risks and Causes of Prostate Cancer

The cause of this cancer is not established but hormonal, genetic, environmental and dietary factors are involved in some cases. The male sex hormone testosterone aids the growth of prostrate cancer cells. Risk increases with age more rapidly than any other cancer. Men who have a history of prostate cancer in their family, especially a close relative such as father, brother etc are at an increased risk. Racial predisposition is another factor, incidence of prostrate cancer is highest in Blacks and lowest in Asians.

Inhalation or ingestion of chemicals such as cadmium, a mineral found naturally in certain foods and cigarette smoke, plastics, paints, nickel cadmium batteries etc increases the risk for developing prostate and lung cancer.

People involved in battery manufacture, welding, soldering, manufacture of paint, plastic, cadmium alloy, textile etc are at high risk. A diet high in animal fat also has been implicated in the development/increased risk of prostate cancer.

Tags: Prostate Cancer causes, Prostate Cancer side effects, Prostate Cancer precaution, Prostate Cancer medical conditions, Prostate Cancer support groups and counseling, Prostate Cancer screening and testing, Prostate Cancer surgical methods, Prostate Cancer awareness, Prostate Cancer detailed guide, Prostate Cancer surgery, Prostate Cancer tumor size, Prostate Cancer tips, Prostate Cancer questions ask doctor, Prostate Cancer guidelines, Prostate Cancer how long to live, Prostate Cancer best treatment, Prostate Cancer latest treatments, Prostate Cancer levels

Signs and Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

Often the disease has no symptoms until the disease is well advanced. However, as the tumor grows, it may spread from the prostate to surrounding areas like lymph nodes, bones or other organs. This may result in back pain. Men with prostate cancer may experience any of the following symptoms.

A need to urinate frequently, especially at night;

Difficulty starting urination or holding back urine;

Weak or interrupted flow of urine;

Painful or burning urination or bowel movement;

Difficulty in having an erection;

Painful ejaculation;

Blood in urine or semen; or

Frequent pain or stiffness in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs.

It is advised to consult a doctor immediately if you have experienced any of the above symptoms. Men aged 50 and above have the chances of developing prostate cancer. Those who have a family history of prostate cancer should consider screening at age 45.

Tags: Prostate Cancer symptoms, Prostate Cancer treatment cost, Prostate Cancer treatment in india, Prostate Cancer test at home, Prostate Cancer tablets, Prostate Cancer therapy, Prostate Cancer weight loss, Prostate Cancer exercise, Prostate Cancer effects on the body, Prostate Cancer reasons, Prostate Cancer in kerala, Prostate Cancer in india, Prostate Cancer in men, Prostate Cancer in woman, Prostate Cancer operation, Prostate Cancer self examination, Prostate Cancer detection, Prostate Cancer diet, Prostate Cancer definition, Prostate Cancer first stage

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Doctors may feel the prostate gland via the rectum (Digital rectal examination) in order to detect any abnormality. A small, hard nodule may reveal the presence of cancer.

Further tests by measuring Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in your bloodstream followed by an Ultra sound scan, can help to detect the disease. Preferably men older than age 40 should have an yearly Digital Rectal Examination and men older than 50 should check their PSA levels yearly.

Tags: Prostate Cancer diagnosis, Prostate Cancer for men and woman, Prostate Cancer for kids, Prostate Cancer homeopathy, Prostate Cancer home test, Prostate Cancer how to check, Prostate Cancer last stage, Prostate Cancer latest news, Prostate Cancer vaccine, Prostate Cancer virus, Prostate Cancer vitamin, Prostate Cancer blood test, Prostate Cancer natural treatments, Prostate Cancer medicines, Prostate Cancer warning signs, Prostate Cancer early symptoms, Prostate Cancer early signs and stages, Prostate Cancer laser surgery, Prostate Cancer new treatments

Stages of Prostate Cancer

If you are diagnosed with prostate cancer, it is important to know how far the cancer has spread. The physician stages the tumor based on its size, the character of its cells, and the extent of metastasis.

Prostate cancer can be staged as 'A,B,C,D'. Stage A and B cancers are curable. Stages C and D are treatable, but their prognoses are discouraging.

Stage A - This is the very early stage without any symptoms, in this stage cancer cells are confined to the prostate. It can be identified with PSA tests and Biopsy. This type of cancer is usually curable.

Stage B - In this stage, it is known that cancer is in several places within the prostate. It is detectable by Digital rectal examinationand by elevated PSA.

Stage C - In this stage, cancer cells can be found throughout the prostate as well as near by tissue or the bladder. This stage is determined by Digital Rectal Exam, or CT/ MRI scans, and/or Sonography. Some Stage C cancers are curable.

Stage D : At this stage, cancer has spread beyond the prostate and nearby lymph nodes, distant bones, organs such as liver, lungs and also to other tissues. This is usually determined by bone scan, Prostascint scan or other studies. Stage D cancer is not curable but treatable.

Tags: Prostate Cancer stages, Prostate Cancer early detection, Prostate Cancer recurrence, Prostate Cancer affects body, Prostate Cancer elderly patients, Prostate Cancer teenager, Prostate Cancer young men, Prostate Cancer young woman, Prostate Cancer young male and female, Prostate Cancer under 40, Prostate Cancer urine test, Prostate Cancer irritation, Prostate Cancer in childrens, Prostate Cancer pain symtoms, Prostate Cancer physical therapy, Prostate Cancer ayurveda, Prostate Cancer appearance, Prostate Cancer after surgery, Prostate Cancer after treatment

Treatments of Prostate Cancer

Treatment depends on individual circumstances such as the man's age and general health, extent of the cancer etc. Elderly patients with minor symptoms, early stage cancer, or coexisting illness may be treated conservatively.

There are many different ways to treat prostate cancer. It is advisable to get advise from two or more doctors before making a final decision about the treatment. Treatment includes Prostatectomy and Hormone Therapy or anti-antrogen drugs, Chemotherapty and Radio Therapy.

Hormone Therapy : Hormone therapy, is used either alone or in combination with surgery or radiation. It is based on the fact that prostate cancer cells frequently use the male hormone , testosterone as a fertilizer and the absence of this hormone may lead to the death or weakening of prostate cancer cells. So It is used to stop the production of testosterone hormone and hence a person with Stage C and D cancer can have their life extended and improved by the use of hormonal therapy.

There are side effects associated with Hormone therapy. They include hot flashes, weight gain, erectile dysfunction, decrease in muscle mass and strength, personality changes, decreased mentation and osteoporosis.

Prostatectomy : Patients in good health and under age 70 is usually offered surgery as a treatment option. Various types of surgical procedures are done depending on the stage of prostate cancer and patient's over all health.

Prostatectomy is the most common treatment option for localised prostate cancer. It involves surgical removal of prostate gland and some other near by tissues and reattaching the urethra and bladder. It will prevent further spread of the cancer. If the prostate cancer is in the early stages, prostatectomy can treat the cancer completely. This is done either through a surgical incision in the lower abdomen or the space between the scrotum and rectum.

This procedure also produce side effects like impotency, Urinary incontinence, narrowing of the urethra and difficulty in urination.

Radio Therapy : It is a form of treatment which uses high levels of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing and dividing thus reducing damage to healthy cells. It is more effective for early stage prostate cancer.

Good nutrition is an important part of recovering from the side effects of radiation therapy.

Slight skin changes will be visible after radiation. Skin may become red, swollen, warm and sensitive, as if in a sunburn but it is temporary. The long term effects include, slight darkening of the skin, enlarged pores, increased or decreased sensitivity of the skin and a thickening of tissue or skin.

Chemotherapy : It is a combination of drugs which is effective to kill or slow the growth of rapidly multiplying cells. Chemotherapy is usually prescribed to men with advanced prostate cancer. Chemotherapy drugs are carefully controlled in both dosage and frequency so that cancer cells are destroyed while minimizing the risk to healthy cells. As the drugs circulate throughout the whole body, they can effect the healthy cells also.

The side effects of chemotherapy include hair loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lowered blood counts, reduced ability of the blood to clot, and an increased risk of infection.

Tags: Prostate Cancer treatment, Prostate Cancer alternative treatment, Prostate Cancer among woman, Prostate Cancer among men, Prostate Cancer symptoms in woman, Prostate Cancer symptoms in men, Prostate Cancer survival rate, Prostate Cancer death rates, Prostate Cancer death statistics, Prostate Cancer description, Prostate Cancer duration, Prostate Cancer diet treatment, Prostate Cancer final stages, Prostate Cancer first symptoms, Prostate Cancer foundation, Prostate Cancer foods to avoid, Prostate Cancer centers, Prostate Cancer ct scan, Prostate Cancer end stage

Types of Mesothelioma Cancer

Thursday, August 4, 2011

Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer in which malignant cells are found in the mesothelium. When it occurs, the cells of the mesothelium become abnormal and divide without control or order. They can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body.

Mesothelium is a membrane that covers and protects most of the internal organs of the body. A layer of specialized cells called mesothelial cells lines the chest cavity, abdominal cavity, and the cavity around the heart. These cells also cover the outer surface of most internal organs. The tissue formed by these cells is called mesothelium. The mesothelium of chest is called pleura, of the abdomen is peritoneum and of the pericardial cavity, i.e the sac-like space around the heart, is called pericardium.

Most cases of mesothelioma begin in the pleura or peritoneum. The fibrous sheets, pleura helps to protect the lungs. There are 2 pleura and they can be called pleural membranes. Pleural space is the gap between them and they produce a lubricating fluid that fills the gap. This helps the lungs to move smoothly in the chest when they are inflating and deflating as we breathe. Peritoneal or Peritoneum is a smooth membrane, which lines the cavity of the abdomen (stomach). It helps to protect the contents of the abdomen. It also produces a lubricating fluid which helps the organs to move smoothly inside the abdomen as we move around.

Types of Mesothelioma Cancer

The three types of mesothelioma are

Pleural mesothelioma or cancer of the lung lining is the most common form.

Peritoneal mesothelioma or cancer of the abdomen lining

Pericardial mesothelioma

The structural appearance of cells under the microscope determine the cell or sub-type of mesothelioma. They are

Epithelioid - which is the least aggressive, most common, and considered the most amenable to treatment

Sarcomatous - the most aggressive form

Biphasic or mixed - a combination of both of the other cell types.

Tags: Mesothelioma Cancer types, Mesothelioma Cancer prognosis or expectations, Mesothelioma Cancer risk factors, Mesothelioma Cancer complications, Mesothelioma Cancer overview, Mesothelioma Cancer information, Mesothelioma Cancer articles, Mesothelioma Cancer survival rates, Mesothelioma Cancer photos, Mesothelioma Cancer images, Mesothelioma Cancer pictures, Mesothelioma Cancer research centers, organizations and support groups for Mesothelioma Cancer, Mesothelioma Cancer signs and tests, Mesothelioma Cancer prevention, Mesothelioma Cancer genetics, Mesothelioma Cancer facts, Mesothelioma Cancer genetic, Mesothelioma Cancer growth rate, Mesothelioma Cancer best hospitals

Causes of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure. Asbestos has been widely used in many industrial products, including cement, brake linings, roof shingles, flooring products, textiles and insulation. Asbestos is a very dangerous substance and can cause a lot of damage to your health. It is made up of very small fibers. If tiny asbestos particles float in the air, especially during the manufacturing process, they may be inhaled or swallowed and can their way to pleura. Once these fibers work their way into body tissues, they may stay there indefinitely. Of the white, brown and blue asbestos used, brown and blue are commonly associated with mesothelioma.

Men are typically affected more, due to the common presence of asbestos in industrial settings. Once exposed to asbestos particles a person may have no symptoms of the disease from between 30 to 50 years. In addition to mesothelioma, exposure to asbestos increases the risk of lung cancer, asbestosis (a noncancerous, chronic lung ailment), and other cancers, such as those of the larynx and kidney.

Smoking does not appear to increase the risk of mesothelioma. But smoking along with asbestos exposure significantly increases a person's risk of developing cancer. An increased risk of developing mesothelioma was found among shipyard workers, people who work in asbestos mines and mills, producers of asbestos products, workers in the heating and construction industries, and other trades people.

Tags: Mesothelioma Cancer causes, Mesothelioma Cancer side effects, Mesothelioma Cancer precaution, Mesothelioma Cancer medical conditions, Mesothelioma Cancer support groups and counseling, Mesothelioma Cancer screening and testing, Mesothelioma Cancer surgical methods, Mesothelioma Cancer awareness, Mesothelioma Cancer detailed guide, Mesothelioma Cancer surgery, Mesothelioma Cancer tumor size, Mesothelioma Cancer tips, Mesothelioma Cancer questions ask doctor, Mesothelioma Cancer guidelines, Mesothelioma Cancer how long to live, Mesothelioma Cancer best treatment, Mesothelioma Cancer latest treatments, Mesothelioma Cancer levels

Symptoms of Mesothelioma Cancer

Symptoms of pleural mesothelioma include shortness of breath, pleural effusions (fluid in the chest cavity), persistent cough, loss of appetite and pain in the chest due to an accumulation of fluid in the pleura. Weight loss, abdominal pain, swelling due to a buildup of fluid in the abdomen, bowel obstruction, blood clotting abnormalities, nausea, anemia, and fever are some of the symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma.

If the cancer has spread beyond the mesothelium to other parts of the body, symptoms may include pain, trouble swallowing, or swelling of the neck or face. These symptoms may be caused by mesothelioma or by other conditions. If any symptoms is found, consult a doctor because only he can make a diagnosis.

Tags: Mesothelioma Cancer symptoms, Mesothelioma Cancer treatment cost, Mesothelioma Cancer treatment in india, Mesothelioma Cancer test at home, Mesothelioma Cancer tablets, Mesothelioma Cancer therapy, Mesothelioma Cancer weight loss, Mesothelioma Cancer exercise, Mesothelioma Cancer effects on the body, Mesothelioma Cancer reasons, Mesothelioma Cancer in kerala, Mesothelioma Cancer in india, Mesothelioma Cancer in men, Mesothelioma Cancer in woman, Mesothelioma Cancer operation, Mesothelioma Cancer self examination, Mesothelioma Cancer detection, Mesothelioma Cancer diet, Mesothelioma Cancer definition, Mesothelioma Cancer first stage

Diagnosis of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is typically difficult to diagnose and treat, because of its uncommon nature. Symptoms like cold, cough and chest pain are so similar to pneumonia that they are often misdiagnosed.

Diagnosis begins with a review of the patient's medical history, including any history of asbestos exposure. A complete physical examination may be performed, including x-rays of the chest or abdomen and lung function tests. Asbestos exposure can be diagnosed through tests of urine, feces, mucus and material rinsed out of the lungs. A CT scan or MRI may also be helpful. If any of these preliminary tests prove suspicious for mesothelioma; a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

If further examination is warranted, the following tests may be done:

Thoracoscopy
This test is for pleural mesothelioma. A small cut is made through the chest wall and a special instrument called thoracoscope will be inserted into the chest between the two ribs. If fluid has collected in the chest, it is removed through a needle and the process is called thoracentesis.

Peritoneoscopy
It is the test for detecting peritoneal mesothelioma. A special instrument, peritoneoscope is put into an opening made in the abdomen to look inside. The process of removing collected fluid is called paracentesis.

Drugs may be given through a tube in the chest to prevent more fluid from accumulating.

Tags: Mesothelioma Cancer diagnosis, Mesothelioma Cancer for men and woman, Mesothelioma Cancer for kids, Mesothelioma Cancer homeopathy, Mesothelioma Cancer home test, Mesothelioma Cancer how to check, Mesothelioma Cancer last stage, Mesothelioma Cancer latest news, Mesothelioma Cancer vaccine, Mesothelioma Cancer virus, Mesothelioma Cancer vitamin, Mesothelioma Cancer blood test, Mesothelioma Cancer natural treatments, Mesothelioma Cancer medicines, Mesothelioma Cancer warning signs, Mesothelioma Cancer early symptoms, Mesothelioma Cancer early signs and stages, Mesothelioma Cancer laser surgery, Mesothelioma Cancer new treatments

Stages of Mesothelioma

Once malignant mesothelioma is found, staging will be done to find out if cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. Staging of mesothelioma is based on imaging studies such as x-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans. Peritoneal mesothelioma is not staged while there are three staging systems for pleural mesothelioma.

1. The most often used Butchart System is based mainly on the extent of primary tumor mass and divides mesotheliomas into four stages.

Stage I - Mesothelioma is present in the right or left pleura and may also involve the lung, pericardium or diaphragm on the same side.

Stage II - Mesothelioma invades the chest wall or involves the esophagus, heart, or pleura on both sides. Lymph nodes in the chest may also be involved.

Stage III - Mesothelioma has penetrated through the diaphragm into the peritoneum. Lymph nodes beyond those in the chest may also be involved.

Stage IV - There is evidence of metastasis or spread through the bloodstream to other organs.

2. The recent TNM system is similar to staging systems used for most other cancers.

Stage I - Mesothelioma involves right or left pleura and may also have spread to the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm on the same side. Lymph nodes are not involved.

Stage II - Mesothelioma has spread from the pleura on one side to nearby lymph nodes next to the lung on the same side. It may also have spread into the lung, pericardium, or diaphragm on the same side.

Stage III - Mesothelioma has spread into the chest wall, muscle, ribs, heart, esophagus, or other organs in the chest on the same side as the primary tumor, with or without spread to subcarinal or mediastinal lymph nodes on the same side as the primary tumor. Subcarinal nodes are located at the point where the windpipe branches to the left and right lungs. Mediastinal lymph nodes are located in the space behind the chest bone in front of the heart.

Stage IV - Mesothelioma has spread into the lymph nodes in the chest on the side opposite the primary tumor, or directly extends to the pleura or lung on the opposite side, or into organs in the abdominal cavity or neck. Any distant metastases is included in this stage.

3. The latest Brigham System stages mesothelioma according to resectability (the ability to surgically remove) and lymph node involvement

Stage I - Resectable mesothelioma and no lymph node involvement

Stage II - Resectable mesothelioma but with lymph node involvement

Stage III - Unresectable mesothelioma extending into chest wall, heart, or through diaphragm, peritoneum; with or without extrathoracic lymph node involvement

Stage IV - Distant metastatic disease.

Tags: Mesothelioma Cancer stages, Mesothelioma Cancer early detection, Mesothelioma Cancer recurrence, Mesothelioma Cancer affects body, Mesothelioma Cancer elderly patients, Mesothelioma Cancer teenager, Mesothelioma Cancer young men, Mesothelioma Cancer young woman, Mesothelioma Cancer young male and female, Mesothelioma Cancer under 40, Mesothelioma Cancer urine test, Mesothelioma Cancer irritation, Mesothelioma Cancer in childrens, Mesothelioma Cancer pain symtoms, Mesothelioma Cancer physical therapy, Mesothelioma Cancer ayurveda, Mesothelioma Cancer appearance, Mesothelioma Cancer after surgery, Mesothelioma Cancer after treatment

Treatments of Mesothelioma Cancer

Treatment options for mesothelioma depends on the location of the cancer, the stage of the disease, and the patient's age and general health. Standard treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Sometimes combination of these treatments are used.

For treatment options click here

Mesothelioma is a life-threatening disease and cannot be left untreated. The sooner it is diagnosed the better a patient's chances are of fighting this deadly cancer.

Tags: Mesothelioma Cancer treatment, Mesothelioma Cancer alternative treatment, Mesothelioma Cancer among woman, Mesothelioma Cancer among men, Mesothelioma Cancer symptoms in woman, Mesothelioma Cancer symptoms in men, Mesothelioma Cancer survival rate, Mesothelioma Cancer death rates, Mesothelioma Cancer death statistics, Mesothelioma Cancer description, Mesothelioma Cancer duration, Mesothelioma Cancer diet treatment, Mesothelioma Cancer final stages, Mesothelioma Cancer first symptoms, Mesothelioma Cancer foundation, Mesothelioma Cancer foods to avoid, Mesothelioma Cancer centers, Mesothelioma Cancer ct scan, Mesothelioma Cancer end stage

Types of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer or bronchogenic arcinoma, a life threatening disease, is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. While normal lung tissue cells reproduce and develop into healthy lung tissue, these abnormal cells reproduce rapidly and never grow into normal lung tissue. As a result, lump mass known as a tumor are formed, disrupting the lungs and making it difficult to function properly. Tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign tumors may grow causing discomfort and bleeding, but they do not spread to other parts of the body and can be removed.

Malignant tumors grow aggressively, spread into other areas of the body and destroy normal tissue. The process of spreading the tumor is called metastasis (secondary tumors) and the areas of tumor growth at these distant sites are called metastases.

Usually lung cancer, develops within the wall or epithelium of the bronchial tree. But it can start anywhere in the lungs and affect any part of the respiratory system. Lung cancer mostly affect people between the ages of 55 and 65 and often takes many years to develop. Once it occurs, cancer cells can break away and may spread to the lymph nodes or other tissues in the chest, including the lung opposite to where it originated. It may also spread to other organs of the body, such as the bones, brain or liver.

Types of Lung Cancer

There are two major types of lung cancer. They are Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) or oat cell cancer. The classification of the lung cancer is based upon the microscopic appearance (i.e. cell size) of the tumor cells. Each type of lung cancer grows and spreads in different ways, and is treated differently. If the cancer has features of both types, it is called mixed small cell/large cell cancer.

Non-small cell lung cancer is more common than SCLC and it generally grows and spreads more slowly. There are three main types of NSCLC. They are :
1. Squamous cell carcinoma or epidermoid carcinoma usually starts in the large bronchi and very often stays in the central chest area, without spreading, for longer periods of time than other lung cancers.
2. Adenocarcinoma are found along the outer or peripheral areas of the lungs and under the lining of the bronchi. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, a sub type of adenocarcinoma develops around scars on the outer edges of the lungs.
3. Large cell carcinoma, can be found in any part of the lung and tends to grow and spread quickly. It is also known as undifferentiated carcinomas.

SCLC are almost related with smoking and grows more quickly and form large tumors that can spread widely through the body. They often starts in the bronchi near the center of the chest.

Other tumors found in the lungs are :

Carcinoid tumor which arise from glands near the bronchi. This slow-growing tumor is usually cured by surgery.

Lymphoma or metastatic

Mesothelioma, a less common type is found in people who have been exposed to asbestos. It is a cancer of the membrane which covers the surface of the lungs and lines the inside of the chest. Exposure to asbestos particles in the air increases the risk of developing malignant mesothelioma.

Tags: Lung Cancer types, Lung Cancer prognosis or expectations, Lung Cancer risk factors, Lung Cancer complications, Lung Cancer overview, Lung Cancer information, Lung Cancer articles, Lung Cancer survival rates, Lung Cancer photos, Lung Cancer images, Lung Cancer pictures, Lung Cancer research centers, organizations and support groups for Lung Cancer, Lung Cancer signs and tests, Lung Cancer prevention, Lung Cancer genetics, Lung Cancer facts, Lung Cancer genetic, Lung Cancer growth rate, Lung Cancer best hospitals

Causes of Lung Cancer

Cigarette smoking is the main cause for developing lung cancer. Air pollution and industrial exposures also may cause problem to the lungs. Persons exposed to harmful substances, such as arsenic, asbestos, radioactive dust, and radon have a greater chance of developing lung cancer if they smoke. Not all smokers develop lung cancer and not all people with lung cancer are smokers.

The most significant cause of lung cancer is exposure to carcinogenic (cancer-causing) agents. Harmful substances, called carcinogens, in tobacco damage the lung cells. Squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma are the most common types found in smokers. Lung cancer in smokers is related with the age at which smoking began, how long the person has smoked, the number of cigarettes smoked per day, and how deeply the smoker inhales. Smoking at a younger age raises the risk and the death rate from lung cancer. Stopping smoking greatly reduces a person's risk for developing lung cancer.

Cigar and pipe smoking increases the risk of lung cancer but not as much as smoking cigarettes does. The chance of developing lung cancer is increased by exposure to environmental tobacco smoke or secondhand smoke- the smoke that non-smokers are exposed to when they share air space with someone who is smoking.

Radon, the radioactive gas found in substantial concentration in soil, rocks and some building materials, is considered to be the second leading cause of lung cancer. This is a detectable and preventable problem. Smokers are sensitive to the effects of radon. High radon levels in some mines can increase the lung cancer risk for miners.

Asbestos is another risk factor for lung cancer. If inhaled, asbestos particles can lodge in the lungs, damaging cells and increasing the risk for lung cancer. People who work with asbestos have a higher risk of getting Mesothelioma, cancer of the lining of the lung. If they smoke as well, the risk is greatly increased.

Certain lung diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), increase a person's chance of developing lung cancer. Air pollution from motor vehicles, factories, and other sources may increase the risk for lung cancer, but it has not been established accurately. A person who has had lung cancer once is more likely to develop a second lung cancer compared with a person who has never had lung cancer. Contact with certain chemicals and substances, such as uranium, chromium and nickel, can cause lung cancer, but these are very rare causes. Certain reports indicate that diet low in fruits and vegetables may increase the chances of getting cancer, if you are exposed to tobacco smoke.

Tags: Lung Cancer causes, Lung Cancer side effects, Lung Cancer precaution, Lung Cancer medical conditions, Lung Cancer support groups and counseling, Lung Cancer screening and testing, Lung Cancer surgical methods, Lung Cancer awareness, Lung Cancer detailed guide, Lung Cancer surgery, Lung Cancer tumor size, Lung Cancer tips, Lung Cancer questions ask doctor, Lung Cancer guidelines, Lung Cancer how long to live, Lung Cancer best treatment, Lung Cancer latest treatments, Lung Cancer levels

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Symptoms

Lung cancer in its early stage and sometimes even later may not cause any signs and symptoms. In its advanced stage, the cancer cells interfere with normal lung function. The symptoms associated with lung cancer can result from the original tumor or from tumors that have spread to other organs. The cancers are usually identified incidentally when a chest x-ray is performed for another reason.

Common signs and symptoms of lung cancer are :

A cough that does not go away and gets worse over time

Coughing up blood (hemoptysis) or bloody mucus.

Chest, shoulder, or back pain that doesn't go away and often is made worse by deep

hoarseness

Weight loss and loss of appetite

Increase in volume of sputum

Wheezing

Shortness of breath

Repeated respiratory infections, such as bronchitis or pneumonia

repeated problems with pneumonia or bronchitis

fatigue and weakness

new onset of wheezing

swelling of the neck and face

Clubbing of the fingers and toes. The nails appear to bulge out more than normal.

Some patients may have paraneoplastic syndromes which are caused by biologically active substances that are secreted by the tumor.

If any symptoms is found, it is better to consult a doctor because only doctor can make a diagnosis.

Tags: Lung Cancer symptoms, Lung Cancer treatment cost, Lung Cancer treatment in india, Lung Cancer test at home, Lung Cancer tablets, Lung Cancer therapy, Lung Cancer weight loss, Lung Cancer exercise, Lung Cancer effects on the body, Lung Cancer reasons, Lung Cancer in kerala, Lung Cancer in india, Lung Cancer in men, Lung Cancer in woman, Lung Cancer operation, Lung Cancer self examination, Lung Cancer detection, Lung Cancer diet, Lung Cancer definition, Lung Cancer first stage

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

To find out if lung cancer may be present, the doctor evaluates a person's medical history, smoking history, their exposure to environmental and occupational substances, and family history of cancer. The doctor will also give the patient a physical examination. This is for detecting any signs of cancer such as swollen lymph nodes in the neck or collarbone area. If lung cancer is suspected, a patient must undergo a series of diagnostic tests.

In some people lung cancer doesn't show any symptoms. In such people a method called screening is used to detect the cancer. The two main test used for this are chest x-rays and sputum cytology

Chest x-ray : This is the first test to verify any spot on the lungs. X-rays are plain pictures of the lung, which will help to identify any abnormal growths. If lung cancer is suspected, a simple test called sputum cytology is performed. It is the microscopic examination of cells obtained from a deep-cough sample of mucus in the lungs. The presence abnormal or cancerous (malignant) cells can be discovered by this test.

Not all abnormalities are cancers. Some people develop scarring and calcium deposition in their lungs that may look like tumors on a chest x-ray film. In such cases, to confirm the diagnosis various scanning are prescribed by the specialist.

CT (Computed tomography) or CAT scan : It is a special kind of x-ray which reveal much more than chest x-ray. A CT scan takes a series of x-rays that build up a three-dimensional picture of the inside of the body. It gives a detailed information about the size, shape, and place of a tumor. CT scan helps to determine whether the cancer is in the chest wall and rib area. It also helps to find the enlarged lymph nodes that might contain cancer and the tumors in other organs that might be affected by the spreading of lung cancer.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan :MRI use radio waves and strong magnets to create an image. This scanning is useful in finding lung cancer, that has spread the brain or spinal cord.

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan : PET uses a low-dose radioactive sugar to trace the activity of body cells on sugar. A very small amount of radioactive substance is injected into a vein (usually on hand) and a scan is then taken. Areas of cancer are usually more active than surrounding tissue so they take up more of the radioactive substance and show up on the scan. PET helps to determine whether lung cancer has spread to lymph nodes. It is also helpful in telling whether a spot on your chest x-ray is cancer.

Bone Scans : A bone scan can determine whether the cancer has spread to the bones. It is usually done in patients with small cell lung cancer. A small amount of radioactive substance is injected into a vein and this substance builds up in areas of bone that may be abnormal because of cancer. In patients with non-small cell lung cancer, bone scan is done when other tests or symptoms suggest that the cancer has spread to the bones.

To confirm the presence of lung cancer, the doctor must examine tissue from the lung. This is called biopsy which is the removal of a lung tissue sample for examination under a microscope. Biopsies are obtained in different ways depending on the location of the tumor: They are :

Bronchoscopy : Bronchoscope is a thin, lighted, flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end. This is passed through the mouth or nose and down through the windpipe. From there, the tube can be inserted into the airways (bronchi) of the lungs. Small samples of tissue are collected through this tube. Bronchoscopy, which is used to determine the extent of the tumor, has some risks and requires a specialist proficient in performing the procedure.

Needle biopsy : If a tumor is on the periphery of the lung, it usually cannot be seen with bronchoscopy. After the chest surface is cleaned and prepared, the skin and the chest wall are numbed. A long, thin needle is inserted through the chest wall in the lung to remove a lung tissue sample. A chest x-ray or CT scanning is used to guide the needle.

Thoracentesis : Lung cancers, both primary and metastatic, can cause fluid to collect in the sac surrounding the lung. This is called pleural effusion. Thoracentesis, which is important for both staging and diagnosis, is similar to needle biopsy. The skin is numbed and a needle is placed between the ribs to remove a fluid sample.

Thoracoscopy : It uses a thin, lighted tube connected to a video camera and monitor to view the space between the lungs and the chest wall. It is used to check whether the fluid around the lungs is caused by cancer.

Thoracotomy : Sometimes a lung cancer tumor cannot be reached by bronchoscopy or needle procedures. In such cases the only way to obtain a biopsy is by performing a surgery. The chest is opened and as much of the tumor as possible is removed surgically. A biopsy is taken from the removed tumor. This procedure is a major operation performed in a hospital.

Mediastinoscopy : It is performed to determine the extent that the cancer has spread into the area of the chest between the lungs. A small cut is made into the lower part of the neck, above the breastbone. A mediastinoscope is inserted and sample tissues are taken from the enlarged lymph nodes along the windpipe. Mediastinoscopy is a very important step to determine whether the tumor can be surgically removed or not.

Bone marrow biopsy : After the area is numbed, a needle is used to remove a small piece of bone, usually from the back of the hip bone. This is done mostly to help find if small cell lung cancer has spread to the bones.

Blood tests : Blood tests are performed to identify any chemical imbalances, blood disorders, or other problems that might complicate treatment. A complete blood count (CBC) shows whether your blood has the correct number of different cell types. This test will be done often if you are treated with chemotherapy because these drugs can affect the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow.

Once a tumor is found, it must be determined if and how widely the cancer has spread. It is known as staging.

Tags: Lung Cancer diagnosis, Lung Cancer for men and woman, Lung Cancer for kids, Lung Cancer homeopathy, Lung Cancer home test, Lung Cancer how to check, Lung Cancer last stage, Lung Cancer latest news, Lung Cancer vaccine, Lung Cancer virus, Lung Cancer vitamin, Lung Cancer blood test, Lung Cancer natural treatments, Lung Cancer medicines, Lung Cancer warning signs, Lung Cancer early symptoms, Lung Cancer early signs and stages, Lung Cancer laser surgery, Lung Cancer new treatments

Stages of Lung Cancer

Stages of Lung Cancer

Staging is very important and should be performed before treatment started. It is based on size of the tumor, location of the tumor, and degree of metastasis of the tumor. Staging is beneficial to plan a treatment program, to determine eligibility for surgery, to assess response by stage for results reporting and to estimate prognosis. The higher the tumor stage, the less likely the disease will be cured. Staging of tumor is according to the TNM classifications. T refers to the size and extent of the primary tumor, N refers to involvement of regional nodes and M refers to the presence or absence of metastatic disease.

There are different staging systems for small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Limited and extensive are the two stage system in SCLC. In limited stage, cancer is found only in one lung and in lymph nodes on the same side of the chest or in fluid around the lung. If the cancer has spread beyond one lung, to lymph nodes on the other side of the chest or to other organs, it is called extensive.

There are 4 stages for NSCLC. They are :

Stage 1 - It is very localised and tumor of any size is found only in the lung.

Stage 2 - Tumor has spread to lymph nodes associated with the affected lung

Stage 3 - Tumor has spread into the tissue around the lung near to where the cancer started. This can be into the chest wall, the covering of the lung (pleura), the middle of the chest (mediastinum) or other lymph nodes.

Stage 4 - Tumor has spread to another part of the body

There are many options for the treatment of lung cancer at each stage.

Tags: Lung Cancer stages, Lung Cancer early detection, Lung Cancer recurrence, Lung Cancer affects body, Lung Cancer elderly patients, Lung Cancer teenager, Lung Cancer young men, Lung Cancer young woman, Lung Cancer young male and female, Lung Cancer under 40, Lung Cancer urine test, Lung Cancer irritation, Lung Cancer in childrens, Lung Cancer pain symtoms, Lung Cancer physical therapy, Lung Cancer ayurveda, Lung Cancer appearance, Lung Cancer after surgery, Lung Cancer after treatment

Treatments of Lung Cancer

Sometimes a lung tumor contains more than one type of cancerous cell. So the treatment should be based on the type of lung cancer, the size, location and extent of the tumor and the general health of the patient. There are many treatments, which may be used alone or in combination. The most widely used therapies for lung cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Chemotherapy and radiation are very effective at relieving symptoms.

Surgery
An operation for lung cancer is major surgery. Depending on the type and stage of the cancer, surgery may be used to remove the tumor and some of the lung tissue around it. Removing only a small part of a lobe (section) of the lung is called a wedge resection. If a entire lobe of the lung is removed, the surgery is called a lobectomy. If the entire lung is removed, the surgery is called a pneumonectomy.

Surgery is of two types aggressive surgery and palliative procedures.

Aggressive surgery (long-term control) : Aggressive surgery involves removal of the pleura, the lung, the diaphragm and the pericardium through a procedure known as extra pleural pneumonectomy. This surgery is highly complicated and carries a high risk of fatality within a month. Extra pleural pneumonectomy is therefore performed only on younger patients who are in good health and can tolerate the surgery.

Palliative Procedures (relief of symptoms) : Palliative procedures are performed when the cancer is in its advanced form. These procedures are performed to allay or control the symptoms rather than cure them. Pleurectomy (also decortications) is the surgical removal of the pleura. This reduces the pain caused by the tumor mass and may also prevent the recurrence of pleural effusion (fluid collection that causes breathlessness).

Video-assisted chest surgery is a new kind of surgery done for people with early stage lung cancer. A tiny camera can be placed through a small hole in the chest to help the surgeon see the tumor. Only small incisions are needed and it is most often used for tumors smaller than about 2 inches.

Side Effects : The side effects of surgery are pain, weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Most have problems moving around, coughing, and breathing deeply. Other possible problems include bleeding, wound infections, and pneumonia. The recovery period can be several weeks or even months.

Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is the treatment using anti-cancer drugs to destroy cancer cells throughout the body. The drugs can be swallowed in pill form or can be injected directly into a vein or by means of a catheter, a thin tube that is placed into a large vein and remains there as long as it is needed. These drugs enter the bloodstream and reach throughout the body, making this treatment useful for cancer that has spread (metastasized) to organs beyond the lung. The amount of chemotherapy a patient receives depends on the type of cancer, the drugs, and the patient’s overall response to treatment. Therapy may be given daily, weekly, or monthly, and can continue for months or even years.

Side Effects : Drugs used in chemotherapy can damage some normal cells, causing side effects. These side effects depend on the type of drugs used, the amount given, and the length of treatment. The possible side effects are nausea and vomiting, hair loss, fatigue or shortness of breath caused by low red blood cell counts, loss of appetite, diarrhea or constipation, mouth sores, bruising or bleeding caused by a shortage of blood platelets, higher risk of infection caused by a shortage of white blood cells. Most side effects disappear when your course of treatment ends. Some drugs will damage the nerves and this may cause numbness in the fingers and toes, and sometimes the arms and legs may feel weak.

Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy alias radiotherapy is the treatment using a beam of high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. It may be used before surgery to shrink a tumor, or after surgery to destroy any cancer cells that remain in the treated area. The radiation may come from outside the body (external radiation) or from radioactive materials placed into or next to the tumor (internal radiation). External type of radiation is most often used to treat a primary lung cancer or its metastases to other organs.

Radiation is mainly for patients who are not healthy enough to have surgery. For others, it might be used after surgery to kill small areas of cancer that can't be seen and removed during surgery. It can also be used to relieve symptoms such as pain, bleeding, trouble swallowing, or problems caused by the cancer spreading to the brain.

Brachytherapy uses a small pellet of radioactive material placed directly into the cancer or into the airway next to the cancer. This is usually done through a bronchoscope.

A special kind of radiation (called the gamma knife) can be used instead of surgery if the cancer spreads to the brain in only one spot. In this method, several beams of radiation are focused on the tumor over the span of a few minutes to hours. The head is held in place with a stiff frame.

Side Effects : The side effects of radiation include vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, mild skin problems and tiredness. Chest radiation may cause lung damage and trouble breathing or swallowing. Side effects of radiation therapy to the brain usually become most serious after 1 or 2 years. They could include memory loss, headaches, trouble with thinking, and less sexual desire.

Targeted Therapy
Targeted therapies use medications or antibodies used to block growth factors that allow some tumors to grow. These drugs taken in the form of pills attack special parts of cancer cells and leave most normal cells alone. Not all lung cancers respond to these drugs.

Side Effects : These drugs seems to cause few side effects than chemotherapy and it include diarrhea, rash, eye problems, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and feeling tired.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
This laser therapy using a special chemical which is injected into the bloodstream, leaves normal cells but remains in cancer cells for a longer time. A laser light aimed at the cancer activates the chemical, which then kills the cancer cells that have absorbed it. PDT is used to treat very small tumors in patients for whom the usual treatments for lung cancer are not appropriate. It is also used to control bleeding or to relieve breathing problems due to blocked airways when the cancer cannot be removed through surgery.

After Treatment

Follow-up care after treatment for lung cancer is very important. Regular checkups should be performed so that any recurrence can be identified as early as possible. Checkups may include physical exams, chest x-rays, or lab tests. A person who has undergone surgery should be checked every 3-4 months for the first 2 years and every 6-12 months thereafter.

Lung cancer remains a highly preventable disease because 85% of lung cancers occur in smokers or former smokers. The best way to prevent lung cancer is to quit smoking. Lung cancer takes many years to develop. But changes in the lung can begin almost as soon as a person is exposed to cancer-causing substances.

Tags: Lung Cancer treatment, Lung Cancer alternative treatment, Lung Cancer among woman, Lung Cancer among men, Lung Cancer symptoms in woman, Lung Cancer symptoms in men, Lung Cancer survival rate, Lung Cancer death rates, Lung Cancer death statistics, Lung Cancer description, Lung Cancer duration, Lung Cancer diet treatment, Lung Cancer final stages, Lung Cancer first symptoms, Lung Cancer foundation, Lung Cancer foods to avoid, Lung Cancer centers, Lung Cancer ct scan, Lung Cancer end stage

Colorectal Cancer

Wednesday, August 3, 2011

Colorectal cancer is the cancer in the large intestine and rectum. It occurs when some of the cells that line the colon or the rectum become abnormal and grow out of control. The abnormal growing cells create a tumor, which is the cancer. Cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer and in the rectum is called rectal cancer. It is common in both men and women .The risk of developing colorectal cancer rises after age 50.

The colon, the longest part of the large intestine or large bowel, is a long muscular tube shaped organ connecting the small intestine to the rectum. It extends from the end of the small bowel to the anus, twisting and turning through the abdomen (belly). It is divided into four sections namely, the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The colon removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. The rectum is lower part of the colon that connects the large bowel to the anus. The rectum’s primary function is to store formed stool in preparation for evacuation.

Colon along with the rectum is called the large intestine. Cancers affecting either of these organs also may be called colorectal cancer. Most colorectal cancers arise in the sigmoid colon which is the portion just above the rectum. They usually start in the innermost layer and can grow through some or all of the several tissue layers that make up the colon and rectum. Most colorectal cancers grow slowly over a period of several years, often beginning as small benign growths called polyps. Removing these polyps early, before they become malignant, is an effective means of preventing colorectal cancer.

Tags: Colorectal Cancer types, Colorectal Cancer prognosis or expectations, Colorectal Cancer risk factors, Colorectal Cancer complications, Colorectal Cancer overview, Colorectal Cancer information, Colorectal Cancer articles, Colorectal Cancer survival rates, Colorectal Cancer photos, Colorectal Cancer images, Colorectal Cancer pictures, Colorectal Cancer research centers, organizations and support groups for Colorectal Cancer, Colorectal Cancer signs and tests, Colorectal Cancer prevention, Colorectal Cancer genetics, Colorectal Cancer facts, Colorectal Cancer genetic, Colorectal Cancer growth rate, Colorectal Cancer best hospitals

Causes of Colorectal Cancer

The exact reason of colorectal cancer is unknown. But there are certain factors that make cancer more likely. They are age, colorectal polyps, family history, genetic alterations, personal history, drug effects, cigarette smoking etc. Not all polyps become cancerous, but nearly all colon cancers start as polyps.

Eating a diet which is low in fiber is also a risk factor for developing colorectal cancer. Research shows that women with a history of cancer of the ovary, uterus, or breast have an increased chance of developing colorectal cancer. People who have a sedentary lifestyle are more likely to develop cancer than people who take regular physical exercise.

Tags: Colorectal Cancer causes, Colorectal Cancer side effects, Colorectal Cancer precaution, Colorectal Cancer medical conditions, Colorectal Cancer support groups and counseling, Colorectal Cancer screening and testing, Colorectal Cancer surgical methods, Colorectal Cancer awareness, Colorectal Cancer detailed guide, Colorectal Cancer surgery, Colorectal Cancer tumor size, Colorectal Cancer tips, Colorectal Cancer questions ask doctor, Colorectal Cancer guidelines, Colorectal Cancer how long to live, Colorectal Cancer best treatment, Colorectal Cancer latest treatments, Colorectal Cancer levels

Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer may occur without any symptoms therefore it is very important to have regular examinations called colorectal screenings, to detect early problems. One of the earliest signs of colon cancer is bleeding, which may be painless. Sometimes the blood is found only during chemical testing of the stool.

When tumors have grown larger, other symptoms may develop. These symptoms may include

Blood on or in the stool

Constipation

Bowel obstruction, causing nausea, vomiting and abdominal distention

Diarrhea

Anemia

Stools that are narrower than usual

Loss of appetite

General abdominal discomfort like stomach or gas pain

Weight loss with no known reason

Fatigue

Constant tiredness

Pelvic pain

For colorectal cancer patients, early diagnosis and treatment can be a life-saver. So if any of these symptoms are found, better consult a physician to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Tags: Colorectal Cancer symptoms, Colorectal Cancer treatment cost, Colorectal Cancer treatment in india, Colorectal Cancer test at home, Colorectal Cancer tablets, Colorectal Cancer therapy, Colorectal Cancer weight loss, Colorectal Cancer exercise, Colorectal Cancer effects on the body, Colorectal Cancer reasons, Colorectal Cancer in kerala, Colorectal Cancer in india, Colorectal Cancer in men, Colorectal Cancer in woman, Colorectal Cancer operation, Colorectal Cancer self examination, Colorectal Cancer detection, Colorectal Cancer diet, Colorectal Cancer definition, Colorectal Cancer first stage

Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer

The physician will perform a physical examination for any signs or symptoms of colorectal cancer. Some screening guidelines are used to detect polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities in the colon and rectum. These include:

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT):
FOBT examines the stool for blood not easily noticed by the naked eye. In this test a small amount of stool is placed on a special paper and the physician applies a chemical to it to see if blood is present in the stool sample. If it detects blood, other tests are needed to find the source of the blood.

Sigmoidoscopy:
Sigmoidoscopy is a procedure to detect polyps using sigmoidoscope which is a long, flexible instrument about 1/2 inch in diameter. The physician can view the lining of the rectum and lower (sigmoid) colon through sigmoidoscope. If polyps are found, it is removed and the procedure is called polypectomy.

Colonoscopy:
It is an endoscopic test. The rectum and the inside of the entire colon are examined in colonoscopy, using a long, flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end called colonoscope. If polyps are found, it is removed.

Air contrast barium enema or Double-contrast barium enema (DCBE):
This is a series of X-ray examination of the entire colon and rectum. Before the x-ray is taken, the patient is given an enema with a barium solution. Barium is a metallic, chemical, chalky, liquid used to coat the inside of organs so that they will show up solid on x-rays. The liquid is introduced into the colon and rectum through the anus. The liquid contains barium, which shows up solid on x-rays. Air is pumped gradually into the colon by a rectal tube to improve visualization. The barium and air outline the colon and rectum on the x-rays. Polyps may show up on the x-ray.

Digital Rectal Exam (DRE):
It is a part of the routine physical examination. The doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormal areas in the lower part of the rectum. If an abnormality is detected by a digital rectal examination, then an endoscopy is performed for further evaluation of the cancer.

After initial diagnostic tests, if colorectal cancer is suspected, a biopsy, removal of cells or tissues, is performed by a pathologist. If cancer cells are detected in biopsy, further tests are recommended to know the extent (stage) of the disease. These may include:

Blood test for CEA:
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein normally found in trace amounts in the bloodstream. People who have colorectal cancer or other conditions or who smoke have a high CEA level. CEA is referred to as a tumor marker.

Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) or Endorectal ultrasound :
An endoscopic ultrasound is used to detect the depth of the cancer growth. An ultrasound probe at the tip of an endoscope is inserted into the rectum. The probe sends out sound waves that people cannot hear. The waves bounce off the rectum and nearby tissues, and a computer uses the echoes to create a picture. The picture shows how deep a rectal tumor has grown or whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other nearby tissues.

Chest x-ray:
X-rays of the chest can show whether cancer has spread to the lungs.

CT scan:
An x-ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The patient may receive an injection of dye. Tumors in the liver, lungs, or elsewhere in the body show up on the CT scan.

Tags: Colorectal Cancer diagnosis, Colorectal Cancer for men and woman, Colorectal Cancer for kids, Colorectal Cancer homeopathy, Colorectal Cancer home test, Colorectal Cancer how to check, Colorectal Cancer last stage, Colorectal Cancer latest news, Colorectal Cancer vaccine, Colorectal Cancer virus, Colorectal Cancer vitamin, Colorectal Cancer blood test, Colorectal Cancer natural treatments, Colorectal Cancer medicines, Colorectal Cancer warning signs, Colorectal Cancer early symptoms, Colorectal Cancer early signs and stages, Colorectal Cancer laser surgery, Colorectal Cancer new treatments

Stages of Colorectal Cancer

Colon cancer and rectal cancer are staged much the same way. But the treatment options may vary because the tumor is much lower down in the colon.

Stage 0: The cancer is found only in the innermost lining of the colon or rectum. Carcinoma in situ is another name for Stage 0 colorectal cancer.

Stage I: The cancer has grown into the inner wall of the colon or rectum. The tumor has not reached the outer wall of the colon or extended outside the colon.

The tumor has broken through the inner lining of the rectum but has not made it past the muscular wall. Dukes A is another name for Stage I colorectal cancer.

Stage II: The tumor extends more deeply into or through the wall of the colon or rectum. It may have invaded nearby tissue, but cancer cells have not spread to the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures that are found throughout the body that are part of the body's immune system. The cancer may have invaded other organs, like the bladder, uterus or prostate gland. Dukes B is another name for Stage II colorectal cancer.

Stage III: The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, but not to other parts of the body. Dukes C is another name for Stage III colorectal cancer.

Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver or lungs. Dukes D is another name for Stage IV colorectal cancer.

Recurrent cancer: This is cancer that has been treated and has returned after a period of time when the cancer could not be detected. The disease may return in the colon or rectum, or in another part of the body.

Tags: Colorectal Cancer stages, Colorectal Cancer early detection, Colorectal Cancer recurrence, Colorectal Cancer affects body, Colorectal Cancer elderly patients, Colorectal Cancer teenager, Colorectal Cancer young men, Colorectal Cancer young woman, Colorectal Cancer young male and female, Colorectal Cancer under 40, Colorectal Cancer urine test, Colorectal Cancer irritation, Colorectal Cancer in childrens, Colorectal Cancer pain symtoms, Colorectal Cancer physical therapy, Colorectal Cancer ayurveda, Colorectal Cancer appearance, Colorectal Cancer after surgery, Colorectal Cancer after treatment

Treatments of Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer is highly curable when found in its early stages. The specialists who treat colorectal cancer include gastroenterologists (doctors who specialize in diseases of the digestive system), surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists. The treatment mainly depends on the location of the tumor in the colon or rectum, size and the stage of the disease. Treatment methods for colorectal cancer are surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Some have a combination of these treatments.

Surgery:

It is the most common treatment for colorectal cancer. A colonscope is used to remove small malignant polyp. For larger cancer, surgeon makes an incision into the abdomen to remove the tumor and after that the two open ends are joined together. When a section of the colon or rectum is removed, the surgeon can usually reconnect the healthy parts. If it is not possible, then a colostomy may be needed.

Colostomy - The surgeon makes an opening (a stoma) in the wall of the abdomen, connects the upper end of the intestine to the stoma, and closes the other end. This operation to create the stoma is called colostomy. It is the opening into the colon from the outside of the body. A bag is worn over the stoma to collect the stool. A colostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the colon has been removed.

Side Effects - Patients feel tiredness and uncomfortable and to control their pain, medicines are given. Surgery sometimes causes bleeding, constipation or diarrhea. People who have a colostomy may have irritation of the skin around the stoma.

Chemotherapy:
Chemotherapy uses anticancer drugs to kill cancer cells. They are usually given through a vein, but some also may be given by mouth. These drugs enter the bloodstream and can affect cancer cells throughout the body. The patient may have chemotherapy alone or combined with surgery, radiation therapy, or both. Chemotherapy before surgery may shrink a large tumor and it is called neoadjuvant therapy. Adjuvant therapy, i.e. chemotherapy after surgery, can destroy any remaining cancer cells and prevent the cancer from coming back in the colon or rectum, or elsewhere.

Side Effects - Side effects of chemotherapy vary from patient to patient and it depends mainly on the specific drugs and doses received. Chemotherapy drugs can affect blood cells resulting in bruising, bleeding, weakness and feeling tired. Other possible side effects are hair loss, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, mouth and lip sores. Most side effects can be controlled with drugs and will disappear when treatment ends.

Radiation Therapy:
Also called radiotherapy, it uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy affects cancer cells only in the treated area. Some patients may have radiation therapy before surgery to shrink the tumor and others may have it after surgery to kill cancer cells that may remain in the area. External radiation and internal radiation or implant radiation are the two types of radiation therapy used for the treatment of colorectal cancer

External radiation: Radiation is produced by a machine outside the body. The machine targets a concentrated beam of radiation directly at the tumor area. This form of therapy is usually spread out in short treatments given 5 days a week for 5-7 weeks. In some cases, external radiation is given during surgery.

Internal radiation: The radiation comes from radioactive material placed in thin tubes put directly into or near the tumor. During the entire treatment, the patient must stay in the hospital and the implants generally remain in place for several days. When the treatment is done, they are removed. Once it is removed, no radioactivity is left in the body.

Side Effects - The side effects of radiation mainly depends on the dose and the part of the body where the radiation is given. Common effects include extreme tiredness, vomiting, increased susceptibility to infections, hair loss, easy bruising or bleeding. Radiation therapy to the abdomen and pelvis may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools, rectal leakage, or urinary discomfort. Apart from these, the skin in the treated area may become red, dry, and tender.

Colon cancer and rectal cancer are sometimes treated separately.

Most patients with colon cancer are treated with surgery. But some have chemotherapy along with surgery. A colostomy is seldom needed for people with colon cancer. Radiotherapy is not commonly used to treat colon cancer, but it is used to relieve pain and other symptoms.

Surgery is the most common treatment for rectal cancer. Most rectal cancer patients need a permanent colostomy. Some patients receive the combination of all the treatments. Some patients may have radiation therapy during surgery and it is called IORT (Intraoperative radiation therapy).

After Treatment:

If undetected cancer cells remains somewhere in the body, there are possibilities for the return of the disease. Follow-up care after treatment is very important. Checkups may include a physical exam, lab tests, colonoscopy, x-rays, CT scans, or other tests. The patients should visit their physician between regular scheduled and if any health problems appear.

Getting regular check-ups may be the best way to prevent colorectal cancer.

Tags: Colorectal Cancer treatment, Colorectal Cancer alternative treatment, Colorectal Cancer among woman, Colorectal Cancer among men, Colorectal Cancer symptoms in woman, Colorectal Cancer symptoms in men, Colorectal Cancer survival rate, Colorectal Cancer death rates, Colorectal Cancer death statistics, Colorectal Cancer description, Colorectal Cancer duration, Colorectal Cancer diet treatment, Colorectal Cancer final stages, Colorectal Cancer first symptoms, Colorectal Cancer foundation, Colorectal Cancer foods to avoid, Colorectal Cancer centers, Colorectal Cancer ct scan, Colorectal Cancer end stage

Types of Breast Cancer

Saturday, July 30, 2011

Sometimes abnormal cells develop in the breast tissue, forming a lump or tumor. This is the most common type of cancer in women.

The breast has several lobes, which are divided into lobules and end in the milk glands. Tiny ducts run from the many tiny glands, connect together, and end in the nipple. Any tissue in the breast can be affected and it will destroy the nearby tissues also. Usually the cancer arises from tissue that forms milk ducts. There are at least 15 different kinds, depending on the site of development . Both women and men can develop breast cancer, but it is very rare in men.

Breast cancer occurs more commonly in the left breast than the right and more commonly in the outer upper quadrant. The tumor may distort the shape of the breast or the texture of the skin as it becomes larger. It can be detected when it grow large enough to either be felt or seen on a mammogram.

The cancer cells spread through the specialised channels in the breast called lymphatics to the lymph nodes to form tumors. It also spread or metasize to the other parts of the body through the blood stream. It spreads through the right side of the heart to the lungs, and eventually to the other breasts, the chest wall, liver, bone and brain. Spreading of the tumor to other parts of the body can cause death.

Breast cancer can be classified by histologic appearance and location of the lesion.

Adenocarcinoma - arising from the epithelium.

Intraductal - developing within the ducts

Infiltrating - Occurring in parenchyma of the breast.

Inflammatory - reflecting rapid tumor growth, in which the overlying skin become edematous, inflamed and in-durated.

Lobular carcinoma in situ - reflecting tumor growth involving lobes of glandular tissue.

Medullary or circumscribed - large tumor with rapid growth rate.

Types of Breast Cancer

Invasive (or infiltrating) ductal carcinoma

Accounting for 70 percent of all breast cancers, this is the most common type of breast cancer. It begins inside the duct and then penetrates the duct's wall to reach the fatty tissue of the breast. From there, it has the potential to spread (or metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system and bloodstream.

Invasive (or infiltrating) lobular carcinoma

This is the second-most common tumor type, accounting for ten percent of all breast cancer. It begins in the terminal ducts of the breast milk-producing glands.

Medullary carcinoma

Although only three to six percent of all breast cancers are medullary carcinomas, this type of cancer is much more common in women with a genetic predisposition to breast cancer. In fact, different studies have found that between 13 and 19 percent of all cancers in women who carry a BRCA1 mutation are medullary carcinomas. In this type of cancer, the border between the cancer tissue and the normal tissues is relatively well-defined. Generally, the prognosis for patients with medullary carcinoma is better than for women with other types of invasive ductal or lobular carcinoma.

Paget's disease

This unique type of breast cancer only accounts for three percent of all breast cancer. It involves the nipple and areola, and is often associated with abnormal scaling and redness of the skin of the nipple and areola. Women may also have burning or itching. Paget's disease may be associated with in situ or invasive cancer. If there is no lump or evidence of ductal carcinoma in situ by biopsy, the prognosis is very good.

Inflammatory breast cancer

This cancer accounts for only approximately one percent of all breast cancers. It is named after its characteristic initial symptoms, which include redness, warmth, and swelling of the skin of the breast — often without a distinctive lump. These symptoms, which have the appearance of an infection or inflammation, are caused by cancer cells blocking lymph vessels or channels in the skin over the breast.

Other rare forms of cancer/variants of invasive ductal carcinoma

Mucinous, or colloid, carcinoma accounts for three percent of breast cancers and is more common among older women. Tubular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma each represent approximately one percent of breast cancer diagnoses. Both mucinous and tubular carcinomas have a better prognosis than the more common type of invasive ductal or lobular breast cancer. Even more rare, adenocystic breast cancer accounts for 0.4 percent of all cases and carcinosarcoma breast cancer accounts for only 0.1 percent of all cases.

Tags: Breast Cancer types, Breast Cancer prognosis or expectations, Breast Cancer risk factors, Breast Cancer complications, Breast Cancer overview, Breast Cancer information, Breast Cancer articles, Breast Cancer survival rates, Breast Cancer photos, Breast Cancer images, Breast Cancer pictures, Breast Cancer research centers, organizations and support groups for Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer signs and tests, Breast Cancer prevention, Breast Cancer genetics, Breast Cancer facts, Breast Cancer genetic, Breast Cancer growth rate, Breast Cancer best hospitals

Causes and Risk factors of Breast Cancer

A person's age, genetic factors, personal health history and diet all contribute to breast cancer. History of previous cancer in one breast, especially if it occurred before menopause increases a woman's risk of developing a new breast cancer unrelated to the first one. About 5% to 10% of all breast cancers may be related to genes that are passed through close relatives such as mother or sister, who developed breast cancer before menopause. Other factors include

First child over age of 30, hormonal changes during the time of pregnancy may influence a woman’s chances of developing breast cancer.

Not having children

Early menarchy (before age 12)

Late menopause

Over weight especially in the upper body

Use of alcohol

Excessive radiation

Hormonal contraceptives.

Hormone replacement therapy for more than five years.

Usage of diethylstilbestrol to prevent miscarriage.

Ovarian cancer patients.

Tags: Breast Cancer causes, Breast Cancer side effects, Breast Cancer precaution, Breast Cancer medical conditions, Breast Cancer support groups and counseling, Breast Cancer screening and testing, Breast Cancer surgical methods, Breast Cancer awareness, Breast Cancer detailed guide, Breast Cancer surgery, Breast Cancer tumor size, Breast Cancer tips, Breast Cancer questions ask doctor, Breast Cancer guidelines, Breast Cancer how long to live, Breast Cancer best treatment, Breast Cancer latest treatments, Breast Cancer levels

Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Early breast cancer usually does not cause pain and may cause no symptoms at all. It is normally found when a suspicious lump is detected. It must be about the size of a finger tip before it can be felt. Other signs of cancer include

Breast or nipple skin that is warm, red, swollen, or scaly

Change in the shape or size of the breast

A lump or thickening near the breast, or in the underarm

Nipple discharge that is not breast milk

Nipple tenderness

A nipple that is turned inward, or inverted

A rash around the nipple that may bleed, itch, or cause skin breakdown

Ridges or pits in the breast

Skin that is dimpled like an orange.

Women are recommended to examine their breasts once in a month to detect any changes or lumps. If breast self -examination detects a lump, the family doctor should be consulted. ment include cesium, iridium, iodine, phosphorus, and palladium. The side effects of implant therapy depend on the area being treated.

Tags: Breast Cancer symptoms, Breast Cancer treatment cost, Breast Cancer treatment in india, Breast Cancer test at home, Breast Cancer tablets, Breast Cancer therapy, Breast Cancer weight loss, Breast Cancer exercise, Breast Cancer effects on the body, Breast Cancer reasons, Breast Cancer in kerala, Breast Cancer in india, Breast Cancer in men, Breast Cancer in woman, Breast Cancer operation, Breast Cancer self examination, Breast Cancer detection, Breast Cancer diet, Breast Cancer definition, Breast Cancer first stage

Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

To find out the cause of any of these signs or symptoms, a woman's doctor does a careful physical exam and asks about her personal and family medical history. The most reliable method of detecting breast cancer is the clinical breast examination, followed by immediate evaluation of any abnormality.One can detect breast cancer at its earlier stage by performing breast self examination (BSE) on a monthly basis. Other diagnostic measures include mammography, Sonography, Thermography and biopsy.

Sonography is a technique that produces an image of the breast using sound waves rather than radiation. Ultrasound allows significant freedom in obtaining images of the breast from almost any orientation. This procedure is used more clearly define suspicious area on the mammogram rather than a screening test. Sonography's main value is in distinguishing fluid filled cysts, which are usually benign, from solid growth, which sometimes represent cancer. Thus, a questionable area that turns out to be a cysts can often seen, while a solid mass may need a biopsy. However, ultrasound does not have good spatial resolution like mammography, and therefore cannot provide as much detail as a mammogram image.

Thermography takes advantage of the fact that some breast cancer cause an increase in the breast skin temperature. Thermography provides a photographic image of the heat patterns on the breast surface. A heat detecting device maps and records hot spots or areas of increased blood distribution. While it avoids the risks of X-rays, thermography has very limited usefulness because it does not distinguish well between cancer and other breast diseases. The result is a high percentage of 'false positive' thermograms.

Biopsy : Although a doctor may suspect a diagnosis of breast cancer after examination or mammography, it is ultimately diagnosed by a breast biopsy. In biopsy, a sample of breast tissue is removed by a radiologist or surgeon and sent to the laboratory for microscopic examination by a pathologist. If cancer is found to be present after biopsy, it is critical that the type and stages of the cancer be identified as soon as possible. Generally, the earlier breast cancer is diagnosed, the greater a patient’s chances of survival.

There are several different methods of biopsy. They include Fine needle aspiration, biopsy, Core needle biopsy, Vaccum- assisted biopsy, Large core surgical and Open surgical. The most common method is surgical biopsy and fine needle biopsy. In fine needle aspiration biopsy, a fine guage needle and syringe to take sample fluid from a breast cyst.

Tags: Breast Cancer diagnosis, Breast Cancer for men and woman, Breast Cancer for kids, Breast Cancer homeopathy, Breast Cancer home test, Breast Cancer how to check, Breast Cancer last stage, Breast Cancer latest news, Breast Cancer vaccine, Breast Cancer virus, Breast Cancer vitamin, Breast Cancer blood test, Breast Cancer natural treatments, Breast Cancer medicines, Breast Cancer warning signs, Breast Cancer early symptoms, Breast Cancer early signs and stages, Breast Cancer laser surgery, Breast Cancer new treatments

Stages of Breast Cancer

If you are diagnosed with breast cancer, it is important to know how far the cancer has spread. The physician stages the tumor based on its size, the character of its cells, and the extent of metastasis. Knowing the stages help them to decide the best treatment options.

The staging of breast cancer is divided into five. Stages 0,1 & 2 refers the term 'early breast cancer' while the stages III & IV denotes the 'Advanced breast cancer'.

Stage 0

At stage 0 cancer cells are present in either the lining of a breast lobule or duct. But they have not spread to the surrounding fatty tissue. Two types of Stage 0 cancer are lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) and Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS). LCIS does not behave as a cancer but indicates high risk for breast cancer. This risk of cancer is increased for both breasts. Some women with LCIS may take a drug called tamoxifen, which can reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.

In DCIS the cancer cells are confined to milk ducts in the breast and have not spread into the fatty breast tissue or to any other part of the body. women with DCIS are at an increased risk of getting invasive breast cancer. Some women with DCIS have breast-sparing surgery followed by radiation therapy. Or they may choose to have a mastectomy

Stage I

The primary cancer is 2cm or less in diameter and has not spread to the lymph nodes.

Stage II

Stage II is further divided in to two

Stage IIA : The cancer is no larger than 2 centimeters but has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm (the axillary lymph nodes). OR
The cancer is between 2 and 5 centimeters but has not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.

Stage IIB : The cancer is between 2 and 5 centimeters, and has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. OR
The cancer is larger than 5 centimeters, but has not spread to the lymph nodes under the arm.

Women with early stage breast cancer may have breast-sparing surgery followed by radiation therapy to the breast, or they may have a mastectomy. Many women with stage I and most with stage II breast cancer have chemotherapy and hormonal therapy after primary treatment with surgery or surgery and radiation therapy.

Stage III & IV is known as 'Advanced Breast cancer'

Stage IIIA : The cancer is smaller than 2 inches (5 centimeters) and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes (the lymph nodes under the arm), and the lymph nodes are attached to each other or to other structures. OR
The cancer may be larger than 2 inches (5 centimeters) and has spread to the axillary lymph nodes and the lymph nodes may be attached to each other or to other structures.

Stage IIIB : It has spread to tissues near the breast (the skin or chest wall, including the ribs and muscles in the chest) OR
spread to lymph nodes inside the chest wall along the breastbone.

Patients with stage III breast cancer usually have both treatment to remove or destroy the cancer in the breast and to stop the disease from spreading. Surgery and/or radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy are the standard treatments.

Stage IV

This stage is known as metastatic. Cancer has spread from the breast and lymph nodes under the arm to other parts of the body, such as bone, liver, lung, or brain.

The treatment of Stage IV breast cancer focuses on extending survival time and relieving symptoms.

Tags: Breast Cancer stages, Breast Cancer early detection, Breast Cancer recurrence, Breast Cancer affects body, Breast Cancer elderly patients, Breast Cancer teenager, Breast Cancer young men, Breast Cancer young woman, Breast Cancer young male and female, Breast Cancer under 40, Breast Cancer urine test, Breast Cancer irritation, Breast Cancer in childrens, Breast Cancer pain symtoms, Breast Cancer physical therapy, Breast Cancer ayurveda, Breast Cancer appearance, Breast Cancer after surgery, Breast Cancer after treatment

Treatment of Breast Cancer

Women are recommended to examine their breasts once in a month to detect any changes or lumps. If breast self -examination detects a lump, the family doctor should be consulted. In choosing therapy, the physician takes into consideration the stage of the disease, the woman's age and menopausal status. Breast cancer is usually treated surgically along with chemotherapy, radio therapy and hormone therapy. Radio therapy kills cancer cells using gamma radiation. Chemotherapy may use Cytotoxic drugs to kill cancer cells both in the breast and elsewhere in the body. Modern treatments have greatly improved the quality and quantity of life for breast cancer patients.

Surgery

Surgery is the first line of attack against breast cancer. There are two main type of surgeries for breast cancer

Lumpectomy (Breast-conserving surgery) : Any form of surgery that removes only part of the breast is considered "breast-conserving" or "breast preservation" surgery. Lumpectomy is the most common surgery used for best cancer today. It is used for patients with early stage invasive breast cancers. A part of the breast which contains the tumor and some normal tissues that surrounds the tumor is removed during the surgery. Usually women with tumors 5 cm (2 inches) or less in diameter with positive or negative axillary lymph nodes, are gone under this treatment. After the surgery, the patient may receive five to seven weeks of radiotherapy in order to eliminate any cancer cells that may be present in the remaining breast tissue.

Mastectomy : A method of surgery which involves the removal of the breast cancer and a larger portion of the normal breast tissue around the breast cancer or entire breast. Breast cancer surgery is done under general anesthesia and usually takes two to three hours. The surgeon may also remove the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor and some lymph nodes under the arm. Women who undergo a mastectomy have the option of breast reconstruction.

Side effects include, wound infection, hematoma (accumulation of blood in the wound), and seroma (accumulation of clear fluid in the wound).

Chemotherapy

It is a combination of drugs which is effective to kill or slow the growth of rapidly multiplying cells. The drugs are given directly to vein or orally. The drug will travel to entire body through blood stream and will destroy the cancer cells beyond the breast. Chemotherapy is given in cycles of treatment followed by a recovery period. The entire chemotherapy treatment generally lasts three to six months, depending on the type of drugs given. When breast cancer is limited to the breast or lymph nodes, chemotherapy may be given after a lumpectomy or mastectomy. This is known as adjuvant treatment and may help reduce the chance of breast cancer recurrence.

The side effects will depend up on the type and amount of drugs you are given. The side effects include
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Hair loss
Mouth sores
Changes in menstrual cycle
Higher risk of infection (due to decreased white blood cells)
Bruising or bleeding
Fatigue

Radiation Therapy

Radiotherapy is a highly effective treatment option which uses high levels of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing and dividing thus reducing damage to healthy cells. It is usually given to the breast to destroy cancer cells that may remain in your breast after breast conserving surgery, or in any breast tissue left on your chest after mastectomy. Having radiotherapy after surgery reduces the chance that reoccurrence in the same place in the next 10 years. Radiation therapy is usually delayed until chemotherapy is complete. Early side effects of radiotherapy include skin reactions, tiredness and breast tenderness. These are usually mild and pass after a few weeks. Radiation therapy is not given during pregnancy because it can harm a fetus.

Two main types of radiotherapy are used to treat breast cancer: External Radiotherapy and Internal Radiotherapy

External Radio therapy : This is the usual method of radio therapy. In this therapy, radiation is focused from a source outside the body on the area affected by the cancer. Patients need to face the therapy at least six to eight weeks continuously. Deodorants and antiperspirants can interfere with external beam radiation therapy of the underarm area, so you should avoid using them until treatments are complete. In some women, the breast becomes smaller and firmer after radiation therapy.

Internal Radio Therapy ( Brachytherapy ) : This is a method of placing radioactive seeds directly into the breast tissue next to the cancer. The radiation is sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters. This type of radiation has the advantage of delivering the radiation from a close distance, and thereby deliver a higher dose of radiation while not causing as much damage to other structures. Some of the radioactive substances used for internal radiation treatment include cesium, iridium, iodine, phosphorus, and palladium. The side effects of implant therapy depend on the area being treated.

Tags: Breast Cancer treatment, Breast Cancer alternative treatment, Breast Cancer among woman, Breast Cancer among men, Breast Cancer symptoms in woman, Breast Cancer symptoms in men, Breast Cancer survival rate, Breast Cancer death rates, Breast Cancer death statistics, Breast Cancer description, Breast Cancer duration, Breast Cancer diet treatment, Breast Cancer final stages, Breast Cancer first symptoms, Breast Cancer foundation, Breast Cancer foods to avoid, Breast Cancer centers, Breast Cancer ct scan, Breast Cancer end stage

Types of Testicular Cancer

Testicular cancer is a rare disease in men caused by abnormal growth of cells in the tissues of one or both testicles. The male sex gland, testicles (testes or gonads) are the body's main source of male hormones which is involved in the production of sperm. The testicles, two in number, which look round and a little smaller than golf balls, are located behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum.

Testicular cancer usually arises between the ages of 15 and 49, more likely between 20-35. Testicular cancer or malignant tumour (also called germ cell tumour) begins when cells within the testicle become cancerous and begin to grow out of control. Seminoma and Nonseminoma are the two types of testicular cancer. Nonseminomas include four sub-types namely Choriocarcinoma, Embryonal Carcinoma, Teratoma, and Yolk sac tumors. Seminomas, made up of immature germ, are slow growing and tend to stay localized in the testicle for long periods. Nonseminomas arise from more mature, specialized germ cells and tend to be more aggressive than Seminomas. Tumors can also arise in the supportive and hormone-producing tissues of the testicles and are called Gonadal Stromal tumors. Leydig cell tumors and Sertoli cell tumors are two types. Secondary testicular tumors are those that start in another organ and then spread to the testicle. The most common secondary testicular cancer lymphoma, arise from lymphatic tissue (tissue that forms part of the immune system) within the testicle. These are very rare.

Types of Testicular Cancer

The testicles contain several types of cells, and each type of cell can develop into different types of cancer. The most common type of testicular cancer (that represents more than 95 percent of all testicle cancers cases) is germ cell tumor or germinal tumor. This type of cancer develops within the germ cells. The germ cells are reproductive body cells which produce sperm in men. Sperm production begins with puberty. The germ cells within the testes produce immature sperm which travel through a network a tubes (called collecting tubes) into the epididymis (the tube within the testicles where collecting tubes join together), where it matures and is stored.
There are two main types of germ cell tumors:

I. Seminomas, represents about 40 percent of all germinal tumors, and it develops in men between the age of 30 and 40. In most cases, the cancer is confined to the testes, but in 25 percent of patients the cancer spreads to the lymph nodes. One of the main characteristics of this type of tumor is that the germ cells become malignant in an early stage of development. Seminomas are more responsive to treatment than the non-seminomas.

II. Non-seminomas, represents about 60 percent of the all germinal tumors, and it develops in men who are in their mid-30s. This type of cancer tends to develop early, grows fast, and spreads quickly. There are four types of non-seminomas:

1. Embryonal carcinomas - This type of tumor represents 25 percent of the non-seminomas, and it develops in men between the age of 20 and 30. Embryonla carcinomas are highly malignant and aggressive tumors, which grow rapidly and tend to spread to the lungs and liver.

2. Teratoma carcinomas - This type of tumors represents 20 to 30 percent of all non-seminomas tumors and it affects young boys more then adult men.

3. Yolk-sac tumors is a rare type of testicular cancer that can affect adult men but more commonly occurs in young boys.

4. Choriocarcinomas is a rare type of testicular cancer.

There is another type of testicular cancer, called stromal cell tumor, which represents only 3 to 4 percent of all testicular cancers and 20 percent of childhood testicular tumors. This type pf cancer develops within the testicles supportive tissues (called stroma).

The stromal cell tumors are a type of tumor made up of Leydig cells (testis cells that produce testosterone), Sertoli cells (the cells where sperm matures), and granulose cells. Sometimes, these tumors secret a hormone called estradiol, which can cause an excessive development of breast tissue - gynecomastia (a testicular cancer symptom).

Tags: Testicular Cancer types, Testicular Cancer prognosis or expectations, Testicular Cancer risk factors, Testicular Cancer complications, Testicular Cancer overview, Testicular Cancer information, Testicular Cancer articles, Testicular Cancer survival rates, Testicular Cancer photos, Testicular Cancer images, Testicular Cancer pictures, Testicular Cancer research centers, organizations and support groups for Testicular Cancer, Testicular Cancer signs and tests, Testicular Cancer prevention, Testicular Cancer genetics, Testicular Cancer facts, Testicular Cancer genetic, Testicular Cancer growth rate, Testicular Cancer best hospitals

Health & Fitness Care Tips

Archives

Label

Types of Prostate Cancer

Risks and Causes of Prostate Cancer

Signs and Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Stages of Prostate Cancer

Treatments of Prostate Cancer

Types of Mesothelioma Cancer

Causes of Mesothelioma

Symptoms of Mesothelioma Cancer

Diagnosis of Mesothelioma

Stages of Mesothelioma

Treatments of Mesothelioma Cancer

Types of Lung Cancer

Causes of Lung Cancer

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

Stages of Lung Cancer

Treatments of Lung Cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Causes of Colorectal Cancer

Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer

Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer

Stages of Colorectal Cancer

Treatments of Colorectal Cancer

Types of Breast Cancer

Causes and Risk factors of Breast Cancer

Signs and Symptoms of Breast Cancer

Diagnosis of Breast Cancer

Stages of Breast Cancer

Treatment of Breast Cancer

Types of Testicular Cancer

Labels

Label

Label

Label

Labels